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Qu’est-ce qu’un Juif? - Résoudre le mystère de l’identité juive - Chabad Of The Town, Montreal
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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Qu’est-ce qu’un Juif?</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Résoudre le mystère de l’identité juive</h2>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="193" data-author-bio="Freeman, Tzvi"><a title="Browse more articles by Freeman, Tzvi" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/193/jewish/Freeman-Tzvi.htm">par Tzvi Freeman</a></span>
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<div class="co_body article-body cf"><section><h2>Qui est un Juif ?</h2>
<p>Simple : est juif toute personne née d’une mère juive ou ayant <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6063112/jewish/La-conversion-au-judasme.htm" title="La conversion au judaïsme">embrassé le judaïsme par une conversion</a> conforme à la <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32404">halakha</span></i> (loi juive). Cela est ainsi <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1708889/jewish/La-judit-a-t-elle-toujours-t-matrilinaire.htm" title="La judéité a-t-elle toujours été matrilinéaire?">depuis l’époque biblique</a> et c’est également solidement établi dans le Code de la loi juive.</p>
<p>Et c’est mystérieux : on n’entend jamais parler d’un protestant athée ou d’un musulman catholique, mais un Juif athée — ou même <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1234551/jewish/Comment-quitte-t-on-le-Judasme.htm" title="Comment quitte-t-on le Judaïsme?">un Juif converti à une autre religion</a> — demeure un Juif.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a7103223');" name="footnoteRef1a7103223">1</a></p>
<p>Il en va de même pour un converti. Pour prendre un cas extrême : supposons qu’une femme convertie change d’avis et revienne à sa religion d’origine. Tous les enfants qu’elle aurait désormais seraient juifs — parce qu’elle est toujours juive.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a7103223');" name="footnoteRef2a7103223">2</a></p>
<p>Mais n’imaginez pas que les croyances soient sans importance. Ce n’est que par l’acceptation de toutes les croyances, pratiques et idéaux qu’une personne devient juive.</p>
<p>De plus, une personne qui n’est pas née juive et qui n’a pas été convertie selon la loi juive peut adhérer à toutes les croyances, observer toutes les lois et pratiquer toutes les coutumes du judaïsme, elle ne sera pas pour autant juive.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a7103223');" name="footnoteRef3a7103223">3</a> Cela peut donner l’impression que le judaïsme relève davantage d’une identité tribale que d’une religion.</p>
<p>Et voici peut-être le plus grand mystère de la judéité : une fois qu’on y est entré, on n’en sort plus. On peut rejoindre l’équipe, rater le ballon, mais on ne peut pas s’en retirer. Personne ne peut vous en exclure — pas même D.ieu.</p>
<p>La judéité est-elle donc une identité tribale, une identité ethnique ou une religion ? Il semble impossible de la faire tenir dans l’une de ces cases. Et comment expliquer qu’une fois adoptée, cette identité ne puisse jamais être effacée ?</p>
<div><magen-section class="article-toc" spacing="compact" variant="primary">
<sl-menu spacing="condensed">
<sl-menu-label variant="content" spacing="default">Dans cet article:</sl-menu-label>
<a href="#La">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>La judéité comme citoyenneté permanente</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Lalliance">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>L’alliance qui fait un Juif</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Les">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Les alliances avec Abraham, le premier Juif</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Lesalliances">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Les alliances avec l’ensemble du peuple juif</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#LesJuifs">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Les Juifs et l’élection</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Comment">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Comment ces alliances déterminent qui est juif et ce qu’est un Juif</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Le">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Le judaïsme, le Juif et le reste du monde</sl-menu-item>
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Foire aux questions</sl-menu-item>
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</magen-section></div>
</section><section><h2 id="La">La judéité comme citoyenneté permanente</h2>
<p>Peut-être les Juifs sont-ils des citoyens permanents.</p>
<p>La citoyenneté figure parmi les grandes innovations du monde occidental. Dans sa série de conférences « Epochs of European Civilization », l’historien Geoffrey Hosking place la citoyenneté, et l’idée étroitement liée d’État-nation, parmi les quatre notions qui distinguent la civilisation occidentale moderne.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a7103223');" name="footnoteRef4a7103223">4</a></p>
<p>Avant les nations, il n’y avait que des royaumes. Les royaumes ont des sujets. Le roi fait de vous son sujet : ce n’est pas votre identité — c’est la sienne.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">L’idée de citoyenneté est née non pas à Athènes ou à Sparte, mais dans la péninsule du Sinaï.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Pour former un État-nation, il faut bâtir un fort sentiment d’identité, issu de la base : c’est là l’idée du citoyen. La citoyenneté implique une responsabilité mutuelle entre citoyens, assortie de privilèges tels que le droit de propriété ou celui de participer à la législation.</p>
<p>D’où viennent ces deux idées — le citoyen et l’État-nation ? Hosking affirme qu’elles ne naquirent ni à Athènes ni à Sparte, mais dans la péninsule du Sinaï, lors de la naissance de la nation juive.</p>
<p>Au mont Sinaï, chaque Juif — homme, femme et enfant — devint un membre actif d’une nation naissante. Lorsqu’ils entrèrent dans la Terre promise, chaque Israélite devint propriétaire de sa parcelle héritée, qu’il possédait à perpétuité. À l’époque des Juges, le peuple n’avait pas de roi pour l’unir, mais il restait soudé par une lignée et un destin communs. La loi était absolue, mais son interprétation comme son application étaient toujours discutées, principalement par les anciens, les plus respectés par le peuple. L’identité de la nation dépendait de ce que chacun fasse sa part et se conduise selon la loi.</p>
<p>On peut donc expliquer l’identité juive comme une forme de citoyenneté participative qui traverse l’histoire, même après avoir quitté notre terre, sans monarque ni autorité centrale. Nous demeurons les citoyens d’une nation mobile, répartissable, hautement résiliente — un réseau presque semblable au World Wide Web.</p>
<p>Cela explique que la judéité se transmette indépendamment de la conduite des parents — tout comme la citoyenneté s’hérite.</p>
<p>Cela explique aussi pourquoi celui qui veut devenir juif doit s’engager à respecter toutes les règles, tandis que celui qui en fait déjà partie et les transgresse ouvertement demeure juif. Il n’en va pas autrement de la citoyenneté : même un traître reste citoyen — fût-il emprisonné.</p>
<p>Mais cette permanence demeure énigmatique. Bien qu’il soit aujourd’hui rare qu’une nation déchoie un citoyen de sa citoyenneté, il est courant et admis qu’un citoyen renonce à la sienne. Qu’a donc cette forme la plus ancienne de citoyenneté pour être irrévocable tant pour D.ieu que pour l’homme ?</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/BeEH10333216.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="A Jewish bride smiles with delight." title="A Jewish bride smiles with delight." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/BeEH10333216.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/BeEH10333216.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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A Jewish bride smiles with delight.
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</section><section><h2 id="Lalliance">L’alliance qui fait un Juif</h2>
<p>Ce mystère a des racines profondes. Pour l’élucider, il faut remonter aux origines du peuple juif, et à une institution antique appelée « alliance ».</p>
<p>La plupart des nations sont des groupes unis par une terre, une langue et un pouvoir communs. Le peuple juif a ceci d’unique : il est un peuple formé par une série d’alliances avant même de posséder une terre.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Le peuple juif a ceci d’unique : il est un peuple formé par une série d’alliances avant même d’avoir une terre.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Les alliances étaient courantes dans l’Ancien Proche-Orient. Celles de la Bible hébraïque rappellent celles conclues chez les anciens Hittites : elles liaient un roi puissant à un vassal plus faible.</p>
<p>Les alliances hittites offraient la protection en échange de l’allégeance. Elles étaient toujours volontaires et justes. Elles se concluaient sous serment et ne comportaient aucune clause de résiliation. En d’autres termes, elles étaient destinées à durer pour toujours.</p>
<p>Ce qui est unique dans la Bible hébraïque, c’est l’idée d’une alliance entre le peuple et <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1849908/jewish/Dieu.htm" title="Dieu">D.ieu</a>. Le résultat en est stupéfiant : une forme d’alliance déjà connue fut appliquée de manière radicale et originale pour fonder un peuple porteur d’un destin. Comme nous le verrons, cela a tout révolutionné.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a7103223');" name="footnoteRef5a7103223">5</a></p>
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/WNsU10333221.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="A not-yet-three-year-old boy holding a cup of grape juice." title="A not-yet-three-year-old boy holding a cup of grape juice." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/WNsU10333221.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/WNsU10333221.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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A not-yet-three-year-old boy holding a cup of grape juice.
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</section><section><h2 id="Les">Les alliances avec Abraham, le premier Juif</h2>
<p>Les deux premières de ces alliances furent conclues avec <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33331">Abraham</span>.</p>
<p>Il y a environ 4 000 ans, D.ieu dit à Abraham de quitter son lieu de naissance et de se rendre « vers la terre que Je te montrerai ». Lorsqu’il arriva en <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34108">Canaan</span>, D.ieu lui ordonna de parcourir le pays, car c’était la terre qu’Il donnerait à la descendance d’Abraham. Abraham obéit, et D.ieu lui promit à nouveau que toute la terre qu’il avait vue appartiendrait à sa descendance à jamais.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a7103223');" name="footnoteRef6a7103223">6</a></p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Il y a environ 4 000 ans, D.ieu dit à Abraham de quitter son lieu de naissance et de se rendre « vers la terre que Je te montrerai ».</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Or Abraham était âgé et sans enfant. Lorsqu’il souleva cette question, D.ieu conclut Sa première alliance avec Abraham, lui promettant une descendance et précisant les frontières de la terre qu’Il leur attribuait — des frontières très vastes et encore inachevées.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a7103223');" name="footnoteRef7a7103223">7</a></p>
<p>Les Juifs évoquent les paroles de cette alliance à chaque Pessa’h, en levant leurs coupes de vin et en proclamant :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>« C’est cela qui s’est dressé pour nos pères et pour nous. Car ce n’est pas un seul qui s’est dressé contre nous pour nous détruire. Au contraire, à chaque génération ils se dressent contre nous pour nous anéantir. Mais le Saint, béni soit-Il, nous délivre de leur main. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a7103223');" name="footnoteRef8a7103223">8</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Dans cette alliance, Abraham apprit que ses enfants seraient d’abord « des étrangers dans une terre qui n’est pas la leur » où ils seraient réduits en esclavage et opprimés. Quatre cents ans devraient s’écouler avant qu’ils puissent revenir prendre possession de cette terre.</p>
<p>L’alliance suivante eut lieu lorsque D.ieu ordonna à Abraham de se circoncire, lui-même ainsi que tous les mâles de sa maison. Celui qui ne respecte pas cette alliance, déclara D.ieu, sera « retranché de son peuple ». C’est fascinant : un peuple fut conçu plusieurs générations avant d’exister.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a7103223');" name="footnoteRef9a7103223">9</a></p>
<p>Dans cette alliance, D.ieu ajouta que la terre qu’Il lui avait promise serait une possession éternelle de sa descendance. Une « possession éternelle » implique qu’elle leur appartiendrait même lors d’un exil temporaire.</p>
<p>L’alliance n’était plus seulement une parole, mais une obligation et un signe physique dans le corps humain pour toutes les générations. Aujourd’hui encore, lors de la circoncision d’un enfant juif, on déclare qu’il entre dans « l’alliance d’Abraham notre père ».</p>
<p>Même un Juif qui ne peut pas être circoncis — par exemple, si la circoncision mettait sa vie en danger — est considéré comme circoncis et membre de l’alliance d’Abraham. Les femmes juives sont considérées comme « nées déjà membres de l’alliance ».</p>
<p>Néanmoins, aucune alliance conclue avec des êtres humains n’offre de garantie.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a7103223');" name="footnoteRef10a7103223">10</a> Certes, D.ieu avait promis, et « D.ieu n’est pas un homme pour changer d’avis ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a7103223');" name="footnoteRef11a7103223">11</a> Mais l’être humain a le libre arbitre. Chaque descendant d’Abraham a le choix de demeurer fidèle à l’alliance et de se compter parmi ses héritiers, ou de se retirer et de rejoindre une autre nation.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a7103223');" name="footnoteRef12a7103223">12</a></p>
<p>Ainsi, aux yeux de D.ieu, cette personne demeure l’enfant d’Abraham et son héritier légitime. Mais pour l’individu, cette identité est perdue.</p>
<p>L’idée d’une identité inéluctable devait attendre une alliance ultérieure, qui souderait les deux parties dans un lien indéfectible.</p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/DWii10333219.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="A Jewish man wearing a velvet kippah." title="A Jewish man wearing a velvet kippah." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/DWii10333219.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/DWii10333219.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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A Jewish man wearing a velvet <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34224">kippah</span>.
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</section><section><h2 id="Lesalliances">Les alliances avec l’ensemble du peuple juif</h2>
<p>Abraham eut un fils nommé <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34796">Isaac</span>. Isaac eut un fils nommé <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34788">Jacob</span>. Jacob et ses enfants se retrouvèrent en Égypte, étrangers dans une terre qui n’était pas la leur.</p>
<p>Les deux alliances suivantes furent conclues avec ces descendants d’Abraham. Réduits en esclavage et opprimés en Égypte, ils furent ensuite délivrés par une intervention divine — comme cela avait été promis à Abraham.</p>
<p>Lorsque le peuple juif arriva au pied du mont Sinaï, D.ieu dit à Moïse de demander au peuple s’il était prêt à conclure une alliance avec Lui, pour être « un royaume de prêtres et une nation sainte ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a7103223');" name="footnoteRef13a7103223">13</a> Le peuple répondit unanimement : « Nous ferons et nous obéirons ! »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('14a7103223');" name="footnoteRef14a7103223">14</a></p>
<p>D.ieu conclut alors une alliance avec eux tous, à la fois en tant que peuple et en tant qu’individus,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('15a7103223');" name="footnoteRef15a7103223">15</a> hommes, femmes et enfants, leur promettant de les faire entrer dans la terre donnée à leurs ancêtres et de les y protéger. Ils comprirent qu’ils auraient leur propre terre et un mode de vie distinct, mais aussi qu’ils devraient être un exemple et une lumière pour tous les peuples, afin qu’un jour le monde entier soit uni sous un D.ieu unique, juste et bienveillant.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Ils comprirent qu’ils auraient leur propre terre et un mode de vie distinct, mais aussi qu’ils devraient être un exemple et une lumière pour tous les peuples.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>En retour, le peuple devait observer les lois de l’alliance, telles qu’elles sont exposées dans les Cinq Livres de Moïse. Cette alliance et ces lois sont connues sous le nom de <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5538423/jewish/Quest-ce-que-la-Torah.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que la Torah ?">Torah</a>.</p>
<p>Quarante ans plus tard, peu avant l’entrée en Terre de <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="34492">Canaan</span>, Moché conclut une autre alliance entre tout le peuple et D.ieu. Par celle-ci, tous les Juifs devinrent responsables les uns des autres dans l’accomplissement de l’alliance du mont Sinaï.</p>
<p>Quand Abraham fut circoncis, une nation juive éternelle fut conçue. Lorsque ses enfants sortirent d’Égypte et se tinrent au mont Sinaï, chaque individu reçut une identité inéluctable. Quelle est la différence ?</p>
<p>La différence tient à l’élection. Au mont Sinaï, chaque Juif fut choisi par D.ieu pour une mission universelle.</p>
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/KUZP10333218.jpg?_i=_n504BC99DD0473598AAE3BCDC5D75568D" alt="A woman wearing the traditional garb of Jewish women from Afghanistan." title="A woman wearing the traditional garb of Jewish women from Afghanistan." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/KUZP10333218.jpg?_i=_n504BC99DD0473598AAE3BCDC5D75568D 685w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/KUZP10333218.jpg?_i=_nF2BB495DED96754E4660F69A3A9F4712 640w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/KUZP10333218.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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A woman wearing the traditional garb of Jewish women from Afghanistan.
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</section><section><h2 id="LesJuifs">Les Juifs et l’élection</h2>
<p>Le concept d’élection est profondément mal compris. Être « choisi », c’est être chargé d’un rôle, d’une tâche, d’une mission qui dépasse son propre moi individuel. L’élection confère à la fois un sens et un destin.</p>
<p>La France, l’Angleterre, les États-Unis d’Amérique et d’autres nations modernes procurent à leurs citoyens un certain sentiment de signification nationale. Leur viabilité à long terme dépend de leur capacité à communiquer et à maintenir ce message.</p>
<p>Cependant, ces nations ne se sont pas formées par choix, mais par des circonstances géographiques ou sociopolitiques. C’est à l’intérieur de ces cadres qu’elles ont trouvé leur identité. De plus, une nation ne choisit pas ses citoyens ; et même si elle le faisait, ce serait un choix humain, donc réversible.</p>
<p>Tel était l’état du peuple juif avant l’Exode et le mont Sinaï. Certes, son identité avait été établie avant qu’il n’ait une terre à lui. Cela lui permit de demeurer un tout cohérent au cœur de l’oppression d’Égypte. Mais c’était encore une identité que les Israélites avaient adoptée de leur propre gré.</p>
<p>Le choix divin élève une nation à un tout autre niveau. Il en redéfinit le sujet même. Lorsqu’une nation se choisit un sens, elle devient un peuple porteur de sens ; mais lorsque son Créateur lui assigne ce sens, elle incarne ce sens sous la forme d’une nation.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('16a7103223');" name="footnoteRef16a7103223">16</a></p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Lorsque ton Créateur t’assigne une mission, cette mission devient ton être même : on ne peut se détourner de ce que l’on est.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Il en va de même pour l’individu : si tu choisis ta mission dans la vie, tu as une vie, et cette vie a un sens. Mais lorsque ton Créateur t’assigne une mission, cette mission est ta vie ; c’est ton essence. On ne peut se détourner de ce que l’on est.</p>
<p>C’est donc le choix divin qui scelle pour toujours la citoyenneté du Juif. Si un Juif disait à son Créateur : « Très bien, Tu m’as choisi. Mais Tu m’as aussi donné le libre arbitre, et par mon libre arbitre, je choisis de me soustraire à Ton choix. Si Tu veux que ce soit fait, choisis quelqu’un d’autre. »</p>
<p>D.ieu pourrait lui répondre : « Je n’ai besoin de rien. Mais Je t’ai choisi pour cette mission. C’est ce que tu es, ton être le plus profond. Rien de ce que tu pourras dire ou choisir ne saurait nier cette essence. »</p>
<p>Quand un Juif déclare : « Je n’en fais pas partie ! », nous ne le croyons pas. Nous savons que, dans son for intérieur, son identité véritable, c’est son peuple. Sa déclaration émane de son moi extérieur, non de son être essentiel.</p>
<p>On pourrait dire que D.ieu, tout entier, est investi dans ce choix : le choix que ce soit toivous qui accomplissiez cette mission. Et comme pour Celui qui choisit, il en va de même pour le choisi : il ne reste rien du Juif en dehors de ce choix et de cette mission.</p>
<p>Et si un Juif demande : « Pourquoi moi ? » — la réponse est simple : D.ieu a conclu une alliance avec Abraham selon laquelle Il choisirait ses enfants. Vous êtes cet enfant.</p>
<p>Ainsi, même lorsqu’un Juif prétend se soustraire à l’alliance d’Abraham, s’éloigne de son peuple, tombe dans les plus basses profondeurs et commet toutes les transgressions possibles et même davantage, il demeure intimement lié au D.ieu d’Abraham. Les responsabilités et les obligations demeurent, et D.ieu attend le moment où cette âme précieuse reviendra.</p>
<p>Et lorsque cette âme revient, nul besoin de réaffirmation ni de conversion.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('17a7103223');" name="footnoteRef17a7103223">17</a> Au contraire : pour D.ieu comme pour tout Israël, c’est la plus grande des joies : un enfant perdu qui revient chez lui.</p>
<p>Et cette âme reviendra — sinon dans cette vie, du moins <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/7109845/jewish/La-rincarnation.htm" title="La réincarnation ">dans une vie future</a>.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('18a7103223');" name="footnoteRef18a7103223">18</a> Car rien, pas même le libre arbitre que D.ieu nous a donné, ne peut faire obstacle à l’accomplissement de la mission propre à chaque âme.</p>
<p>Comme le commente Rachi :<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('19a7103223');" name="footnoteRef19a7103223">19</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>« Le jour du rassemblement des exilés d’Israël sera si monumental et si difficile qu’il sera comme si D.ieu Lui-même devait littéralement prendre chaque Juif, un à un, de Ses propres mains, ainsi qu’il est dit : “Et vous serez recueillis un à un, enfants d’Israël.” »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('20a7103223');" name="footnoteRef20a7103223">20</a></p>
</blockquote>
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<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/MwWc10333220.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" alt="A smiling man wearing a Star of David necklace." title="A smiling man wearing a Star of David necklace." srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/MwWc10333220.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/MwWc10333220.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
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A smiling man wearing a Star of <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35331">David</span> necklace.
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</section><section><h2 id="Comment">Comment ces alliances déterminent qui est juif et ce qu’est un Juif</h2>
<p>Nous avons expliqué comment ces alliances façonnent une nation. Il apparaît donc clairement qu’être juif n’est pas une affaire privée relevant du choix individuel. Être juif, c’est appartenir à un ensemble plus vaste, à une entité unique : le peuple juif. C’est pourquoi nul ne peut devenir juif sans l’entremise d’un tribunal rabbinique ; celui-ci représente à la fois D.ieu et la nation tout entière.</p>
<p>Un autre aspect de ces alliances est qu’elles sont intimement liées à un territoire précis. Le peuple, l’alliance et la terre sont indissociables par nature. La terre constitue l’héritage éternel du peuple de l’alliance. Ils forment un tout, comme un enfant unique.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">Le peuple, l’alliance et la terre sont indissociables par nature.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Les alliances conclues avec Abraham sont inconditionnelles et éternelles. Mais elles ne concernent que les descendants d’Abraham. L’alliance du Sinaï, en revanche, engloba de nombreuses personnes qui s’étaient jointes au peuple juif lors de la sortie d’Égypte. Même les descendants biologiques durent y entrer eux-mêmes, de sorte que tous les Juifs étaient, en un sens, des convertis.</p>
<p>Nous savons donc qu’il est possible de devenir héritier d’Abraham sans être un descendant biologique. En effet, un converti est appelé « enfant d’Abraham » pour tous les usages rituels, y compris le mariage. Il suffit d’entrer dans la même alliance que le peuple juif au Sinaï, de la même manière qu’il l’a fait.<a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6063112/jewish/La-conversion-au-judasme.htm" title="La conversion au judaïsme">Ce sont précisément les exigences de la loi juive.</a><a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('21a7103223');" name="footnoteRef21a7103223">21</a></p>
<div align="center" class="imagetable w96 margin05 widen img500" width="500" >
<img src="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/EIdw10333215.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1" srcset="https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/EIdw10333215.jpg?_i=_n32DD4A5CE5B405756B86D11830CBE5B1 500w, https://w2.chabad.org/media/images/1033/EIdw10333215.jpg?_i=_n76B3E6A404D908E662A1538A4A879637 480w" sizes="(min-width: 768px) 685px, 100vw" loading="lazy" />
</div>
</section><section><h2 id="Le">Le judaïsme, le Juif et le reste du monde</h2>
<p>Cependant, nul être humain n’est tenu d’entrer dans cette alliance. D.ieu a créé une grande diversité de peuples sur cette terre, et chacun a son rôle et sa raison d’être. <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1775798/jewish/Devrais-je-me-convertir-au-Judasme.htm" title="Devrais-je me convertir au Judaïsme?">Celui qui adopte les principes fondamentaux du judaïsme sans rejoindre le peuple juif</a> est considéré comme un juste et prendra part à l’état ultime de paix et de sagesse annoncé par les prophètes. Il n’a peut-être pas été choisi pour être juif, mais il n’est personne que D.ieu n’ait choisi pour accomplir une mission divine particulière dans sa vie.</p>
<span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider><span class="pullquote">D.ieu a créé une grande diversité de peuples sur cette terre, et chacun a son rôle et sa raison d’être.</span><sl-divider size="large"></sl-divider></span>
<p>Comme le souligne Geoffrey Hosking, la nation juive, avec sa notion d’élection et son message d’harmonie universelle, fut « le précurseur de la communauté mondiale d’aujourd’hui ».</p>
<p>C’est là la véritable raison de l’élection du peuple juif : servir d’exemple à toutes les nations, afin que chacun se demande à son tour : « Pourquoi ai-je été créé ? Qu’attend mon Créateur de moi ? Quelle est ma mission ? »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('22a7103223');" name="footnoteRef22a7103223">22</a></p>
</section><section><h2 id="Foire">Foire aux questions</h2>
<h3>Qu’est-ce qui fait qu’une personne est juive ?</h3>
<p>Est juif quiconque est né d’une mère juive ou a été converti au judaïsme selon la <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4165687/jewish/What-Is-Halakhah-Halachah-Jewish-Law.htm" title="What Is Halakhah (Halachah)? Jewish Law">halakha</a></i> (loi juive).</p>
<!-- <p><b>À lire&#160;: <co:link aid="3710122">Qu’est-ce que le judaïsme&#160;?</co:link></b></p> -->
<h3>Peut-on être « demi-juif » ?</h3>
<p>Sauf conversion, l’enfant d’un père juif et d’une mère non juive n’est pas juif, comme sa mère. À l’inverse, l’enfant d’une mère juive est juif, quel que soit le père.</p>
<!-- <p><b>À lire&#160;: <co:link aid="601092">Pourquoi la judéité est-elle matrilinéaire&#160;?</co:link></b></p> -->
<h3>Peut-on devenir juif ?</h3>
<p>Oui. Toute personne peut devenir juive par une conversion effectuée sous l’autorité d’un <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="31350">beth din</span></i> (tribunal rabbinique) orthodoxe reconnu.</p>
<p><b>À lire : <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1775798/jewish/Devrais-je-me-convertir-au-Judasme.htm" title="Devrais-je me convertir au Judaïsme?">Devrais-je me convertir au judaïsme ?</a></b></p>
<h3>Que comporte le fait de devenir juif ?</h3>
<p>Avant la conversion, il faut longuement s’instruire sur le judaïsme et la vie juive. Il faut aussi s’exercer à vivre en Juif pour en éprouver l’adéquation — notamment en vivant au sein d’une communauté juive établie. Le processus de conversion, à proprement parler, comprend l’acceptation du judaïsme, l’immersion au mikvé et, pour les hommes, la circoncision ; le tout sous la supervision des rabbins d’un <i><a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3582308/jewish/What-Is-a-Beth-Din.htm" title="What Is a Beth Din?">beth din</a></i> orthodoxe.</p>
<p><b>À lire : <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/6063112/jewish/La-conversion-au-judasme.htm" title="La conversion au judaïsme">Comment se convertir au judaïsme</a></b></p>
<h3>Peut-on cesser d’être juif ?</h3>
<p>Non. Si vous êtes né juif, ou même si vous avez été converti, vous le demeurez pour la vie. Cela reste vrai, quel que soit le degré de foi, de pratique ou d’adhésion à votre identité juive. C’est ce que vous êtes.</p>
<p><b>À lire : <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1234551/jewish/Comment-quitte-t-on-le-Judasme.htm" title="Comment quitte-t-on le Judaïsme?">Peut-on « quitter » le judaïsme ?</a></b></p>
<h3>Existe-t-il différentes sortes de Juifs ?</h3>
<p>En essence, tous les Juifs sont juifs. Si certains vivent leur judaïsme plus intensément que d’autres, tous appartiennent néanmoins de façon égale à la même tribu.</p>
<!-- <p><b>À lire&#160;: <co:link aid="5778740">18 mythes et faits sur le peuple juif</co:link></b></p> -->
<h3>Y a-t-il une différence entre « Juif », « Hébreu » et « Israélite » ?</h3>
<p>En français contemporain, « Juif » est le terme le plus courant, mais historiquement les mots « Hébreu » et « Israélite » désignent le même peuple.</p>
<!-- <p><b>À lire&#160;: <co:link aid="4300915">Qui sont les Israélites&#160;?</co:link></b> <b>|</b> <b><co:link aid="800868">Qui sont les Hébreux&#160;?</co:link></b></p> --></section></div>
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<div class="heading">Footnotes</div>
<div class="group " data-name="">
<div id="footnoteTR1a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a7103223">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud, Sanhédrine 44a. <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>, Even HaEzer 44:9. <i>Ibid.</i>, Yoré Déa 267:8. Rabbi Moché Isserlès (Rema) exige que celui qui revient procède à une immersion rituelle et accepte les commandements devant un tribunal, mais il précise qu’il ne s’agit que d’une exigence rabbinique (<i>ibid.</i> 268:12). Voir <i>Beth Hillel</i> et autres ad loc.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR2a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a7103223">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud, <a href="/torah-texts/5448959/Talmud/Yevamot/Chapter-4/48a" data-book-id="17216-5448959" title="Yevamot 48a" target="_blank">Yevamot 48a</a>. <i>Beth Chmouel</i> sur le <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>, <i>ibid.</i>. <i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>, Yoré Déa 268:10.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR3a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a7103223">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><i>Choul’hane Aroukh</i>, <i>ibid.</i>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR4a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a7103223">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hosking, Geoffrey (2005). <i>Epochs of European Civilization: Antiquity to Renaissance. Lecture 1: Jews in the Ancient World.</i> Royaume-Uni : The Modern Scholar via Recorded Books. p. 1, 2 (pistes). ISBN 1-4025-8360-5.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR5a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a7103223">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Pour une étude approfondie et fascinante de la manière dont la Torah applique le modèle des alliances hittites d’une façon radicalement originale pour créer une société essentiellement égalitaire, voir Joshua Berman, <i>Created Equal</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, p. 27–47.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR6a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a7103223">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir le commentaire de Rabbi Moché ben Na’hman (Ramban/Na’hmanide) sur Genèse 15,18.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR7a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a7103223">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir Or Ha’haïm sur Genèse 15,18.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR8a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a7103223">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Haggada de Pessa’h.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR9a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a7103223">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Likoutei Si’hot</i>, vol. 30, p. 58, et les sources citées en notes.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR10a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a7103223">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir Maïmonide, <i>Michné Torah</i>, Lois de l’idolâtrie 1:3 : « … jusqu’à ce qu’il y eut une nation dans le monde qui connaissait D.ieu. Mais lorsque les Juifs prolongèrent leur séjour en Égypte, ils apprirent des actes [des Égyptiens] et commencèrent à adorer les astres comme eux… En peu de temps, le principe fondamental qu’Abraham avait implanté aurait été déraciné, et les descendants de Jacob seraient revenus aux erreurs du monde et à leur perversité. Par amour pour nous, et pour tenir le serment qu’Il avait fait à Abraham, notre patriarche, D.ieu suscita Moché, notre maître, le maître de tous les prophètes, et l’envoya [nous racheter]. »</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR11a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a7103223">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p><a href="/library/bible_cdo/aid/15844/jewish/Chapter-15.htm#v29" data-book-id="11380-15844" title="I Samuel&#160;15,29" target="_blank">I Samuel 15,29</a>. Voir aussi Nombres 23,19.</p>
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</div>
<div id="footnoteTR12a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a7103223">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir Mekhilta de Rabbi Ichmaël 13:19:3 (cité par Rachi sur Exode 13,18) selon laquelle quatre cinquièmes du peuple juif refusèrent de quitter l’Égypte et moururent là-bas. Les Juifs qui sortirent n’étaient pas tous parfaitement justes — mais ils se considéraient comme faisant partie de la nation juive. Ceux qui refusèrent de quitter l’Égypte déclaraient par là qu’ils ne faisaient pas partie de cette nation ni de son destin.</p>
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</div>
<div id="footnoteTR13a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a7103223">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Exode 19,6.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR14a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote14a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef14a7103223">14.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Exode 24,7.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR15a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote15a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef15a7103223">15.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir <i>Yalkout Chimoni</i>, Yitro, rémez 286.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR16a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote16a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef16a7103223">16.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Voir en détail : <i>Likoutei Si’hot</i>, vol. 11, p. 1–7.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR17a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote17a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef17a7103223">17.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Comme indiqué plus haut, le Rema et d’autres exigent une immersion rituelle. La majorité, dont Rabbi Yossef Karo, ne la requièrent pas. Tous s’accordent pour dire qu’il s’agit d’une pratique rabbinique ou coutumière.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR18a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote18a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef18a7103223">18.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Rabbi ‘Haïm Vital (au nom de Rabbi Its’hak Louria), <i>Chaar Haguilgoulim</i>, Introduction. Rabbi Chnéour Zalman de Lyadi, <i>Hilkhot Talmoud Torah</i>, 4:3 ; <i>Tanya</i>, fin du chap. 39 : « Tout Juif reviendra assurément un jour… car nul ne sera repoussé. »</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR19a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote19a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef19a7103223">19.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Rachi sur Deutéronome 30,3.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR20a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote20a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef20a7103223">20.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Isaïe 27,12.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR21a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote21a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef21a7103223">21.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud, <a href="/torah-texts/5464664/Talmud/Keritot/Chapter-2/9a" data-book-id="17216-5464664" title="Keritot 9a&#160;" target="_blank">Keritot 9a </a>; Maïmonide, <i>Michné Torah</i>, Hilkhot Issourei Bia 13:1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR22a7103223" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote22a7103223" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef22a7103223">22.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Hosking, <i>ibid.</i> : « L’idée d’un peuple choisi est le premier germe de celle de nation. »</p>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Chassain </span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">France</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Friday, May 1, 2026 8:59:00 PM">May 1, 2026</span>
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<p class="comment-body">
Le nom de famille de ma m&#232;re est Isra&#235;l, est ce que je suis juive pour cel&#224;. ?
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Ferret</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Tuesday, November 18, 2025 12:38:00 PM">November 18, 2025</span>
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<p class="comment-body">
Pourquoi dites vous "juif" ? <br />Pourquoi ne parlez vous pas de "confession Israélite" ?<br /><br />Êtes vous sûr d’être "tous" de la tribu de Juda ?
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