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Dieu dans le judaïsme - Quelles sont les croyances de la tradition juive au sujet de D.ieu? - Chabad Of The Town, Montreal
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<h1 class="article-header__title js-article-title js-page-title">Dieu dans le judaïsme</h1>
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<h2 class="article-header__subtitle">Quelles sont les croyances de la tradition juive au sujet de D.ieu?</h2>
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<span class="article-header__byline" data-kid="193" data-author-bio="Freeman, Tzvi"><a title="Browse more articles by Freeman, Tzvi" href="/search/keyword_cdo/kid/193/jewish/Freeman-Tzvi.htm">par Tzvi Freeman</a></span>
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<div class="co_body article-body cf"><section><p><i>Rien n’est obligé d’exister. Toute existence a une cause délibérée. Nous appelons cela D.ieu.</i></p>
<p><i>Mais qu’est-ce que D.ieu ? Qu’est-ce qui cause l’existence de toutes choses ?</i></p>
<div><magen-section class="article-toc" spacing="compact" variant="primary">
<sl-menu spacing="condensed">
<sl-menu-label variant="content" spacing="default">Sommaire</sl-menu-label>
<a href="#De">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>De quoi parlent les Juifs quand ils disent « D.ieu » ?</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Dieu">
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<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu n’est pas un Super-héros</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Dieunest">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu n’est pas un vieil homme dans le ciel</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Dieua">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu a plusieurs titres</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Dieuest">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu est Un</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Dieuatil">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu a-t-il une personnalité ?</sl-menu-item>
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<a href="#Dieune">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu ne s’est pas retiré</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Lunivers">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>L’univers n’est pas D.ieu</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Dieuveut">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>D.ieu veut quelque chose de nous</sl-menu-item>
</a>
<a href="#Appendice">
<sl-menu-item variant="content" spacing="default">
<sl-icon slot="prefix" size="x-small" name="arrow-down"></sl-icon>Appendice : Existence absolue</sl-menu-item>
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</section><section><h2 id="De">De quoi parlent les Juifs quand ils disent « D.ieu » ?</h2>
<h3>Le problème de la définition</h3>
<p>Le philosophe expliquera probablement que D.ieu est l’existence absolue. Ou que D.ieu est la véritable réalité de toute chose.</p>
<p>Le kabbaliste prononcera des mots mystérieux sur la Lumière Infinie – ou peut-être juste « L’Infini ». Il expliquera que la Lumière Infinie, étant infinie, se trouve partout, en toute chose, et au-delà de toute chose.</p>
<p>Le juif simple vous dira que D.ieu est celui à qui vous parlez quand les choses deviennent difficiles, le seul qui sait vraiment ce qu’il y a dans votre cœur, et aussi le seul, étant donné Sa position, qui peut vraiment résoudre n’importe quel problème que puissiez avoir.</p>
<p>Et quiconque a la chance d’avoir une éducation juive élémentaire vous dira que D.ieu est celui qui a créé le monde, qui a choisi <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="32980">Abraham</span> et sa descendance, qui a sorti notre peuple d’Égypte, qui est apparu à nos ancêtres au Sinaï et qui a conclu une alliance éternelle avec nous, telle qu’elle est consignée dans Son livre saint, la <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="35041">Torah</span>.</p>
<p>Bien sûr, ils ont tous raison et ils sont tous d’accord entre eux. Pourtant, aucune de ces descriptions ne <i>définit</i> D.ieu. Elles décrivent ce que D.ieu <i>fait</i> ou ce que D.ieu <i>n’est pas</i>. Aucune de ces descriptions ne définit ce que D.ieu <i>est</i>.</p>
<p>Et c’est logique. Si D.ieu avait une définition, Il ne serait pas D.ieu.</p>
<p>D’une certaine manière, un Juif sait intuitivement ce qu’est D.ieu.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('1a1849908');" name="footnoteRef1a1849908">1</a> Il se trouve simplement que les mots manquent pour l’exprimer, ou les idées pour l’expliquer pleinement.</p>
<p>Néanmoins, la <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/5538423/jewish/Quest-ce-que-la-Torah.htm" title="Qu’est-ce que la Torah ?">Torah</a> nous dit qu’il y a des choses que nous pouvons dire sur D.ieu qui sont vraies – et encore plus de choses dont nous pouvons affirmer qu’elles ne sont pas vraies.</p>
<p>Voici quelques-unes de ces affirmations positives ou négatives :</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieu">D.ieu n’est pas un Super-héros</h2>
<h3>Sur le polythéisme</h3>
<p>Beaucoup de gens croient en un dieu suprême au-dessus de tous les autres dieux. Les dieux mineurs, croient-ils, dominent diverses forces comme le feu et le vent, tandis que le dieu suprême règne sur toutes les forces, bien qu’il n’intervienne que rarement.</p>
<p>Cela s’appelle le polythéisme.</p>
<p>Croire en un D.ieu unique, d’un autre côté, signifie croire qu’il n’y a une force unique qui génère toute chose – la vie, les lois de la physique, l’existence elle-même. <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1730947/jewish/Hachgaha.htm" title="Hachga’ha">Quoi qu’il se passe, D.ieu est présent, intimement impliqué dans l’événement</a>. Et pourtant, en même temps, Il demeure au-delà de tout.</p>
<p>Si cela est difficile à concevoir, pensez à un récit comportant de nombreux héros et vilains, chacun possédant des pouvoirs spécifiques. Quel est l’être le plus puissant dans cette histoire ? Qui peut changer le cours du récit à tout moment ? Qui décide qui s’élèvera et qui tombera, qui triomphera et qui perdra ? Qui peut faire disparaître n’importe quel personnage d’un seul coup, comme s’il n’avait jamais existé ?</p>
<p>C’est bien sûr <i>l’auteur</i> du récit. L’auteur n’est pas seulement plus fort ou plus grand que les autres protagonistes. L’auteur est le seul être qui soit réel.</p>
<p>Ainsi, D.ieu n’est pas seulement l’être le plus puissant de l’univers. Il est l’Auteur de l’univers. L’univers et tout ce qu’il contient est Son idée.</p>
<p>Bien sûr, l’univers comporte certains éléments que l’on ne retrouve pas dans une histoire. Par exemple, ses personnages sont dotés d’une réalité que les personnages d’une histoire n’ont pas. Ils sont (dans une certaine mesure) des agents libres. Ils peuvent choisir les chemins par lesquels leur histoire se déploiera (encore une fois, dans une certaine mesure).</p>
<p>Mais même cette liberté leur est accordée par leur Auteur. De la même manière qu’ils sont créés à partir de rien d’une manière qui dépasse notre entendement, ils se voient également accorder un certain degré d’autonomie par leur Créateur. Celle-ci est limitée, de sorte que, quels que soient les choix qu’ils font et les conséquences immédiates de ceux-ci, ils ne peuvent ni changer l’intrigue de l’histoire ni son thème, et, en définitive, l’aboutissement de l’histoire sera le même.</p>
<p>Ainsi, dans tout ce qui existe, il n’y a vraiment qu’une seule force, une seule volonté et conscience grandiose qui <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/4567190/jewish/Lunivers-synchrone-du-Baal-Chem-Tov.htm" title="L’univers synchrone du Baal Chem Tov">dirige chaque détail du cosmos</a>, depuis les galaxies et les étoiles géantes jusqu’au plus petit ver sous la terre, jusqu’au mouvement de chaque particule subatomique. Même au sein de notre propre sentiment d’existence et d’autonomie, dans notre individualité et notre capacité d’agir, D.ieu est présent.</p>
<p>Ainsi, tout comme dans l’exemple de l’histoire ci-dessus, dans toute l’histoire de l’existence, il n’y a qu’un seul être qui soit absolument réel – celui que nous appelons D.ieu. C’est ce que le prophète Jérémie voulait dire quand il a dit : « D.ieu, ton D.ieu, est réel. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('2a1849908');" name="footnoteRef2a1849908">2</a> Il voulait dire que rien d’autre n’est réel de la même manière que D.ieu est réel.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('3a1849908');" name="footnoteRef3a1849908">3</a></p>
<p>C’est aussi ce que Moïse voulait dire quand il a dit au peuple : « Sachez aujourd’hui et prenez à cœur que D.ieu est D.ieu dans les cieux en haut et sur la terre en bas. Il n’y a rien d’autre. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('4a1849908');" name="footnoteRef4a1849908">4</a></p>
<p>Et : « Il t’a été montré pour que tu saches : D.ieu est D.ieu, il n’y a rien d’autre que Lui. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('5a1849908');" name="footnoteRef5a1849908">5</a></p>
<p>Cela permet de répondre à une question courante : « Où est D.ieu ? »</p>
<p>C’est très simple, c’est la même question que : « Où est l’auteur dans une histoire ? »</p>
<p>La réponse est, bien sûr : « Où n’est-Il pas ? »</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieunest">D.ieu n’est pas un vieil homme dans le ciel</h2>
<h3>Sur l’anthropomorphisme</h3>
<p>La <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1426382/jewish/Torah.htm" title="What Is the Torah?">Torah</a> et les prophètes parlent souvent de D.ieu comme s’Il avait une main droite et une main gauche, comme si la colère lui montait au nez, comme s’Il s’asseyait sur un trône, écrivait avec Sa main, entendait avec Ses oreilles et observait depuis le ciel avec Ses yeux.</p>
<p>Il remplit également les cieux et la terre,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('6a1849908');" name="footnoteRef6a1849908">6</a> Il sait ce que chacun prévoit de faire avant même qu’il ne le fasse,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('7a1849908');" name="footnoteRef7a1849908">7</a> et Il demeure inchangé par tout cela.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('8a1849908');" name="footnoteRef8a1849908">8</a></p>
<p>Si cela vous semble contradictoire et absurde, vous êtes sur la bonne voie.</p>
<p>Parce que tout cela n’est évidemment que métaphore. Ce n’est pas seulement que D.ieu n’a pas de forme physique : Il n’a pas de forme du tout.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('9a1849908');" name="footnoteRef9a1849908">9</a> Il n’est pas un feu, non plus qu’un vent. Il n’est ni physique ni spirituel, puisqu’Il a créé ces deux états. Même dire que D.ieu est <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="36760">pur</span> amour ou lumière spirituelle est trompeur.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('10a1849908');" name="footnoteRef10a1849908">10</a></p>
<p>Et en effet, la Torah interdit de faire des images de D.ieu parce que, comme Moïse le souligne, quand D.ieu a parlé au peuple juif au Mont Sinaï, « vous n’avez vu aucune image ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('11a1849908');" name="footnoteRef11a1849908">11</a></p>
<p>C’est simplement que, n’ayant pas d’autres mots pour parler de D.ieu, nous empruntons des termes de l’expérience humaine pour véhiculer un concept.</p>
<p>En résumé, D.ieu n’est ni une personne ni une chose. Son existence ne ressemble à rien que nous puissions imaginer.</p>
<p>S’agissant de Sa connaissance des événements, Il n’a pas besoin de voir ou d’entendre puisqu’Il est présent au sein même de chaque événement, et chaque événement est en Lui. On pourrait dire qu’Il sait tout en se connaissant Lui-même.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('12a1849908');" name="footnoteRef12a1849908">12</a></p>
<p>Pour un traitement classique des croyances fondamentales juives, voir les <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/898335/jewish/Chapitre-Premier.htm" title="Chapitre Premier">Fondements de la Torah</a> de Maïmonide.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieua">D.ieu a plusieurs titres</h2>
<h3>Noms de D.ieu</h3>
<p>« D.ieu » est un mot européen d’origine grecque. En hébreu, plusieurs titres sont utilisés, chacun avec une signification différente selon les circonstances.</p>
<p>Le seul titre qui est considéré comme étant le nom de D.ieu, et non pas simplement un titre descriptif, est <b>YHVH (י–ה–ו–ה)</b>.</p>
<p>(Nous ne voulons pas écrire les noms divins, car il nous est interdit de les effacer.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('13a1849908');" name="footnoteRef13a1849908">13</a> Nous avons intercalé ces tirets pour contourner cela.)</p>
<p>Ce nom est seulement prononcé que dans le <span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33638">Temple</span> lors de la bénédiction sacerdotale, ou par le Grand Prêtre lorsqu’il entre dans le Saint des Saints. Puisque le <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/52754/jewish/The-Holy-Temple-an-Anthology.htm" title="The Holy Temple: an Anthology">Temple</a> n’est actuellement pas en activité à Jérusalem, nous ne le prononçons jamais aujourd’hui. À la place, nous lui substituons le nom A-do-naï.</p>
<p>Même s’il s’agit d’un nom et non d’une description, il possède néanmoins une signification. C’est une conjonction de tous les temps du verbe « être », impliquant que D.ieu est immuable et intemporel, qu’Il est au-delà du temps.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('14a1849908');" name="footnoteRef14a1849908">14</a></p>
<p>C’est également un verbe causatif, signifiant « Celui qui cause l’être ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('15a1849908');" name="footnoteRef15a1849908">15</a></p>
<p>Ensuite, il y a le nom <b>É-lo-him</b>. Nous ne le prononçons pas non plus sauf si nécessaire, c’est pourquoi on entend souvent dire <i>Élokim</i>. Ce titre se réfère à D.ieu tel qu’Il se montre puissant, capable d’accomplir toute chose en tout lieu.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('16a1849908');" name="footnoteRef16a1849908">16</a></p>
<p>À de nombreuses reprises, la Torah et les prophètes réitèrent de multiples façons que YHVH est É-lo-him. C’est une réfutation directe de la version super-héroïque polythéiste qui place une divinité suprême dans les cieux lointains tandis que des divinités mineures s’occupent du monde ici-bas.</p>
<p>Non, dit la Torah, tout est un. Le même D.ieu qui transcende le temps et l’espace est le même D.ieu qui dirige chaque détail de la vie. Et Il est aussi le même D.ieu qui prête attention à vos prières et y répond.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieuest">D.ieu est Un</h2>
<h3>Le Chéma</h3>
<p>« Écoute, Israël, YHVH est notre D.ieu, YHVH est Un. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('17a1849908');" name="footnoteRef17a1849908">17</a></p>
<p>Vous pourriez penser que cela signifie simplement qu’il n’y a qu’un seul D.ieu. Mais ce n’est pas ce que cela dit. Cela dit que D.ieu est totalement un.</p>
<p>En termes simples : D.ieu n’est pas constitué de parties. Il n’est pas non plus une idée qui intègre plusieurs idées. Il n’occupe pas d’espace. Il ne change pas non plus avec le temps.</p>
<p>Et si vous cherchez un quelconque parallèle pour saisir cela, il n’y en a pas.</p>
<p>Voici comment <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/930763/jewish/Ltude-du-Rambam.htm" title="L’étude du Rambam">Maïmonide</a>, le grand codificateur de la loi juive, décrit l’unicité de D.ieu :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>D.ieu est Un. Il n’est pas deux ou plus, mais un, singulier d’une manière différente de l’unicité de toute singularité trouvée dans le monde.</p>
<p>Il n’est pas un comme une catégorie générale, qui inclut de nombreuses entités individuelles.</p>
<p>Il n’est pas un comme un corps, qui est divisé en différentes parties et dimensions.</p>
<p>Au contraire, Il est singulier de telle manière qu’il n’existe aucune singularité comme la Sienne dans le monde.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('18a1849908');" name="footnoteRef18a1849908">18</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Quelqu’un qui croit que D.ieu a un corps aura un grand problème avec la croyance que D.ieu est Un. Un corps ou une forme est une limitation. Cela implique une force quelconque en dehors de D.ieu. Par conséquent, si D.ieu avait un corps, il y aurait au moins deux dieux.</p>
<p>Ainsi, la croyance que D.ieu n’a ni corps ni forme est un élément essentiel de la croyance que D.ieu est Un.</p>
<p><i>Pour plus d’informations de Maïmonide sur la croyance juive en D.ieu, voir ses</i> <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/1200385/jewish/Commencement-du-Rambam.htm" title="Commencement du Rambam"><i>Fondements de la Torah</i></a><i>.</i></p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieuatil">D.ieu a-t-il une personnalité ?</h2>
<h3>L’Esprit de D.ieu</h3>
<p>Très bien, D.ieu n’a ni nez ni globes oculaires. Mais qu’en est-il des émotions ? La Torah ne décrit-elle pas la colère et la jalousie de D.ieu, Son amour et Sa compassion ? Et qu’en est-il de l’intellect ? D.ieu n’est-il pas sage et compréhensif ?</p>
<p>Certes, mais ce ne sont pas des descriptions de D.ieu. Parce que, comme nous l’avons dit, D.ieu n’a ni parties ni détails. Ce sont les modalités par lesquelles Il interagit avec Son univers.</p>
<p>Quand D.ieu a créé l’univers, Il l’a fait à travers ces modalités. Et Il continue à le diriger à travers ces modalités. Cependant, Il n’est limité ou défini par aucune d’entre elles, et Il n’est affecté ou changé par aucune d’entre elles.</p>
<p>Cela signifie-t-il que D.ieu n’a pas de personnalité ? Parce que, si c’est le cas, comment pouvons-nous avoir une relation avec Lui ?</p>
<p>Mais non, ce n’est pas ce que cela signifie. Parce que D.ieu s’investit véritablement Lui-même, tout Lui-même, au sein de ces modalités. Ainsi, lorsque nous L’invoquons et sommes en relation avec Lui à travers celles-ci, c’est vraiment Lui que nous avons, Lui tout entier.</p>
<p>Rabbi Dov Ber, le Maguid de Mézeritch, un grand kabbaliste et maître ‘hassidique, a donné une analogie qui rend cela plus facile à comprendre.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('19a1849908');" name="footnoteRef19a1849908">19</a> Il a décrit un père sage, fort, aimant et responsable qui voit son enfant jouer au sol. Poussé par son amour pour l’enfant, le père le rejoint au sol pour jouer avec lui.</p>
<p>Le père ne se contente pas de se faire petit, il retient sa force pour pouvoir jouer avec l’enfant dans le monde de celui-ci. Il parle dans un langage que l’enfant peut comprendre sur les choses qui sont importantes dans le monde de l’enfant. Il agit même comme l’enfant, s’enthousiasmant pour les choses qui l’enthousiasment, riant comme un enfant, se contrariant devant ce qui contrarie l’enfant, s’amusant comme un enfant.</p>
<p>Et ce n’est pas qu’il fait simplement semblant. Non, a enseigné le Maguid, le père ressent véritablement les choses comme s’il était l’enfant.</p>
<p>Pourtant, le père demeure un père, un adulte. Tout en jouant et en riant, il veille à la sécurité de l’enfant. Tout en roulant et en se chamaillant avec l’enfant, il prend soin de lui comme seul un père pourrait le faire. Car s’il est capable de s’adonner à ces enfantillages, de manifester une telle retenue, d’être à la fois enfant et père, c’est seulement parce qu’il est un adulte.</p>
<p>Ainsi, de même, mais sur un plan inconcevablement plus élevé, un D.ieu infini injecte Son infinité dans la façon dont Il s’adresse à nous dans Sa Torah. Comme ce père aimant, Il Se penche vers nous, Se réduisant, pour ainsi dire, à considérer les caractéristiques, les fonctions et les préoccupations de ce monde. Il nous parle à travers les histoires de Sa Torah et les histoires de nos propres vies. Il nous écoute <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3214490/jewish/Tfila.htm" title="Téfila">lorsque nous lui exprimons le contenu nos cœurs dans la prière</a>.</p>
<p>Le résultat est qu’Il peut être ressenti au sein de Sa création. Nous pouvons sentir quelque chose de totalement transcendant et merveilleux. Nous pouvons sentir qu’Il est en relation avec nous, que nous pouvons parler avec Lui et Lui demander de pourvoir à nos besoins, tout en comprenant qu’au sein de cette relation, nous tenons quelque chose qui est infiniment au-delà de nous et de notre monde.</p>
<p>Pour plus d’informations sur les modalités de D.ieu, souvent appelées <i><span class="glossary_item" glossary_item="33004">sefirot</span></i>, voir <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/2944538/jewish/Enfants-de-lUnivers.htm" title="Enfants de l’Univers">Enfants de l’Univers</a>.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieune">D.ieu ne s’est pas retiré</h2>
<h3>Création constante</h3>
<p>Voici une question courante : pourquoi D.ieu ne peut-il pas simplement créer un monde, le programmer pour qu’il fasse ce qu’il doit faire, le charger d’énergie pour quelques milliards d’années, puis le laisser fonctionner ?</p>
<p>Le problème pourrait-il être qu’Il doit intervenir de temps en temps pour remettre les choses sur les rails ? Ce serait étrange : s’Il est un D.ieu tout-puissant et omniscient, pourquoi ne pourrait-Il pas concevoir le programme correctement dès la première version ?</p>
<p>Tout simplement, D.ieu ne peut pas se retirer, parce que si D.ieu se retirait de Sa création ne serait-ce qu’un instant, tout disparaîtrait. Ce serait comme si rien n’avait jamais existé.</p>
<p>Parce que l’univers n’est pas fait <i>de quelque chose</i>. Il est fait de <i>néant</i>. « Au commencement, D.ieu créa... » Comme l’explique Na’hmanide, le commentateur classique, le mot « créa » (<i>bara</i> ברא) signifie ici créer <i>ex nihilo</i>, créer à partir du néant.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('20a1849908');" name="footnoteRef20a1849908">20</a></p>
<p>Ce n’est pas comme si D.ieu avait trouvé de l’argile, des atomes ou des champs quantiques traînant quelque part et s’était dit : « Voilà de bons matériaux pour construire un monde ! » Il a commencé à partir de seulement Lui-même, a voulu qu’il y ait un monde, s’est exprimé à Lui-même exactement comment cela se passerait, et il y eut un monde, de l’argile, des atomes, des champs quantiques et tout le reste.</p>
<p>Dès lors, s’Il cessait de vouloir et de s’exprimer, le passé, le présent et l’avenir de ce monde disparaîtraient immédiatement.</p>
<p>Juste comme ça. Sans qu’il y ait besoin d’en démonter les éléments ni de débrancher la prise. Ni même d’appuyer sur l’interrupteur. Il suffit qu’Il cesse d’y penser et il n’y a plus rien.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('21a1849908');" name="footnoteRef21a1849908">21</a></p>
<p>Les Juifs disent chaque matin dans leurs prières que D.ieu « renouvelle chaque jour l’acte de la création ».<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('22a1849908');" name="footnoteRef22a1849908">22</a> Et pas seulement chaque jour, mais chaque moment et micro-moment, encore et encore. Non seulement en insufflant la vie, en faisant tourner les planètes et briller les étoiles. Mais en maintenant l’existence même de chaque détail.</p>
<p>Cela signifie que croire en D.ieu n’est pas croire en quelque chose en dehors de cet univers. Ce n’est pas se demander : « Il y a cet univers et je me demande comment il est arrivé là. » C’est plutôt se dire : « <i>Qu’est-ce donc</i> que cet univers ? À quel point est-il réel ? » Est-ce « des choses qui se passent », ou est-ce D.ieu qui pense ? Ou mieux : D.ieu qui raconte une histoire.</p>
<p>Pour en savoir plus sur ce sujet, voir <a href="/parshah/article_cdo/aid/1983073/jewish/La-doctrine-de-la-cration-perptuelle.htm" title="La doctrine de la création perpétuelle">Création perpétuelle</a>.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Lunivers">L’univers n’est pas D.ieu</h2>
<h3>Sur le panthéisme</h3>
<p>Considérez la première affirmation de la Torah : « Au commencement, D.ieu créa les cieux et la terre. »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('23a1849908');" name="footnoteRef23a1849908">23</a></p>
<p>En premier lieu, cela nous dit qu’Il n’est pas l’univers. Il est <i>le créateur</i> de l’univers.</p>
<p>Mais il y a un point encore plus important : affirmer qu’une conscience supérieure a délibérément créé ce lieu signifie qu’<i>elle n’a pas besoin d’être ici</i>. L’univers n’est pas apparu par accident ou par nécessité. Au contraire, D.ieu <i>a choisi</i> de le créer, intentionnellement et avec un but précis.</p>
<p>Ce qui est d’une logique exquise. Notre monde est rempli de vie, de créatures qui agissent dans le présent pour obtenir quelque chose dans le futur. C’est ce que signifie « vie ». Si l’univers avait émergé d’un endroit dépourvu de but et d’intention, comment pourrait-il contenir des êtres vivants, définis par leur caractère intentionnel ?</p>
<p>Au contraire, chaque créature reflète son Créateur. Tout comme Il est un agent libre qui agit avec intention, Son univers est rempli de vie, défini par la capacité d’agir et l’intention.</p>
<p>En d’autres termes, l’univers est un « ça ». D.ieu est un agent libre.</p>
<p>Si l’univers était D.ieu, nous en serions les prisonniers, parfaitement prévisibles, et, au final, ennuyeux. Croire en D.ieu, c’est croire que l’univers est un système ouvert. Cela signifie que vous pouvez vous extraire de la routine à tout moment. Vous pouvez vous transcender. Vous pouvez transcender l’univers.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Dieuveut">D.ieu veut quelque chose de nous</h2>
<h3>D.ieu et l’humanité</h3>
<p>Donc, si l’univers a un but, qu’est-ce que D.ieu attend des créatures qu’Il a créées, c’est-à-dire de vous et moi ?</p>
<p>Fondamentalement, Il veut que nous fassions exactement ce qu’Il fait, mais en sens inverse.</p>
<p>Tout comme Il se rapproche de nous à travers ce que nous estimons important, Il souhaite que nous nous tournions vers Lui en accomplissant ce qu’Il désire. De cette manière, le monde entier ressentira Sa présence et deviendra un monde harmonieux. C’est le but ultime de ce monde : être un endroit où D.ieu « se sent chez Lui ».</p>
<p>Quelles sont les choses qu’Il désire ? Comme vous pouvez vous y attendre, Il n’a pas manqué de nous le faire savoir. Il nous l’a transmis à travers Sa Torah et à travers les humbles hommes et femmes qui nous l’exposent.</p>
<p>La Torah nous enseigne que D.ieu veut l’harmonie et la paix dans Son monde. Plus d’actes de bonté et de sensibilité envers les autres. Plus d’unité, en d’autres termes, à l’image de Son Unité. Il veut aussi que nous fassions appel à Lui en temps de besoin, et que nous revenions à Lui lorsque nous nous égarons.</p>
<p>Il veut que le peuple juif soit un phare lumineux pour le monde, et pour cela Il leur a confié de nombreuses responsabilités supplémentaires. Les Juifs ont un régime alimentaire spécifique, un jour sacré de repos, une obligation d’étudier la Torah de D.ieu, et de nombreuses autres responsabilités, appelées mitsvas.</p>
<p>Donc, pour revenir à la question « Où est D.ieu ? », une réponse plus profonde est que, oui, vous pouvez Le trouver dans Son histoire. Vous pouvez Le trouver dans n’importe laquelle des choses qu’Il veut que vous fassiez. Faites-les bien, et vous Le tiendrez fermement.</p>
</section><section><h2 id="Appendice">Appendice : Existence absolue</h2>
<p>Le problème de la définition de D.ieu peut être énoncé simplement : tout ce que nous connaissons est défini en relation à autre chose. La lumière n’est lumière que parce qu’il y a l’obscurité. Grand est grand par rapport à quelque chose de plus petit. Il en va de même de toutes les catégories, les événements et les choses. Les définitions que nous utilisons pour les décrire décrivent leur relation avec le reste de l’univers.</p>
<p>Mais quand nous disons « D.ieu », nous parlons d’une existence absolue. Nous parlons de la seule forme d’existence qui est simplement parce qu’Il est. C’est ce dont parle Maïmonide dans ses tout premières <i>halakhot</i> dans les Fondements de la Torah :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Le fondement des fondements et le pilier de la sagesse est de savoir qu’il y a une Existence Première, et qu’Il génère toute existence. Tout ce qui existe, dans les cieux, la terre, et ce qui est entre eux, existe seulement par la réalité de Son existence.</p>
<p>Si l’on imaginait qu’Il n’existe pas, aucune autre existence ne pourrait exister.</p>
<p>Et si l’on imaginait que rien d’autre que Lui n’existe, Il continuerait seul à exister, et Il ne serait pas annulé par leur absence. Parce que toutes les autres entités dépendent de Lui et Lui, béni soit-Il, ne dépend d’aucune d’elles. Par conséquent, la réalité de Son existence n’est pas comme la réalité de toute autre existence.</p>
<p>Cela est implicite dans la déclaration du prophète : « Et YHVH, votre D.ieu, est vrai »<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('24a1849908');" name="footnoteRef24a1849908">24</a> – ce qui signifie : Lui seul est réel et aucune autre entité n’est réelle de la même manière que Sa réalité. C’est ce que signifie la déclaration de la Torah : « Il n’y a rien d’autre que Lui »,<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('25a1849908');" name="footnoteRef25a1849908">25</a> c’est-à-dire : il n’y a pas d’existence autre que la Sienne qui soit réelle comme Son existence est réelle.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('26a1849908');" name="footnoteRef26a1849908">26</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Et voici encore Maïmonide, cette fois dans son œuvre philosophique, le « Guide des Perplexes » :</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Il est bien accepté que l’existence est une sorte d’événement. Chaque chose pourrait être ou ne pas être. Si c’est le cas, l’état d’être d’une chose n’est pas la chose elle-même : il y a la chose, et il y a le fait qu’elle existe (ou n’existe pas). C’est clairement le cas de tout ce qui existe par effet d’une cause : son existence est un facteur supplémentaire à ce qu’elle est.</p>
<p>Mais ce dont l’existence n’a pas de cause, à savoir D.ieu, Son existence est Sa propre réalité, et Sa propre réalité est Son existence.</p>
<p>Il n’est pas un être avec l’attribut d’existence, ce qui impliquerait que l’existence est un facteur supplémentaire à Son être [ce qui Lui ôterait Son caractère d’unité parfaite]. Au contraire, puisqu’Il est toujours une existence nécessaire, aucun événement ne Lui arrive, rien ne se passe pour Le faire être.</p>
<p>Dès lors, nous pourrions dire qu’Il existe sans existence.<a class="footnote_ref" href="javascript:doFootnote('27a1849908');" name="footnoteRef27a1849908">27</a></p>
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<co:footnoteTable xmlns:co="www1.chabadonline.com/alpha1" xmlns:ext="urn:xslt-extensions">
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<div class="heading">Footnotes</div>
<div class="group " data-name="">
<div id="footnoteTR1a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote1a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef1a1849908">1.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Likoutei Torah, Nitsavim, 45b.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR2a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote2a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef2a1849908">2.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Jérémie 10,10.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR3a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote3a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef3a1849908">3.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, Lois des Fondements de la Torah 1:4.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR4a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote4a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef4a1849908">4.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 4,39.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR5a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote5a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef5a1849908">5.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 4,35.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR6a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote6a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef6a1849908">6.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 4,39. Josué 2,11.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR7a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote7a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef7a1849908">7.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Psaumes 139,4.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR8a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote8a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef8a1849908">8.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Malachie 3,6.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR9a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote9a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef9a1849908">9.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, Michné Torah, Lois des Fondements de la Torah, 1:7-9.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR10a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote10a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef10a1849908">10.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Chaar HaYi’houd VehaÉmouna, chap. 9.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR11a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote11a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef11a1849908">11.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 4,15.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR12a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote12a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef12a1849908">12.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Derekh Haïm (Maharal) 2:1. Tanya, Likoutei Amarim, chapitre 48 ; Chaar HaYi’houd VehaÉmouna, chapitre 7 (citant Maïmonide).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR13a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote13a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef13a1849908">13.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Talmud, <a href="/torah-texts/5458900/Talmud/Makot/Chapter-3/22a" data-book-id="17216-5458900" title="Makot&#160;22a&#160;" target="_blank">Makot 22a </a>; Maïmonide, Michné Torah, Hilkhot Yessodei HaTorah, 6:1. Lire aussi: <a href="/library/article_cdo/aid/3409784/jewish/Pourquoi-ncrivez-vous-pas-Dieu-correctement.htm" title="Pourquoi n’écrivez-vous pas “D.ieu” ‎correctement?‎">Pourquoi n’écrivez-vous pas “D.ieu” ‎correctement?‎</a></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR14a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote14a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef14a1849908">14.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Choul’hane Aroukh, Ora’h Haïm, 5.1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR15a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote15a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef15a1849908">15.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Chaar HaYi’houd VehaÉmouna, chap. 4.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR16a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote16a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef16a1849908">16.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Choul’hane Aroukh, 5:1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR17a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote17a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef17a1849908">17.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 6,4.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR18a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote18a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef18a1849908">18.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Lois des Fondements de la Torah, chap. 1, halakha 7.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR19a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote19a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef19a1849908">19.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Or Torah, p. 85d.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR20a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote20a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef20a1849908">20.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Na’hmanide Béréchit 1:1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR21a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote21a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef21a1849908">21.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Chaar HaYi’houd VehaÉmouna, chap. 1. Voir également <i>Pirouch</i> sur Maïmonide, chapitre un des Lois des Fondements de la Torah. Guide des Perplexes, Livre I, chap. 69.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR22a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote22a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef22a1849908">22.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Liturgie, prières du matin.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR23a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote23a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef23a1849908">23.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Genèse 1,1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR24a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote24a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef24a1849908">24.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Jérémie 10,10.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR25a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote25a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef25a1849908">25.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Deutéronome 4,35.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR26a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote26a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef26a1849908">26.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Maïmonide, Lois des Fondements de la Torah, chap. 1.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footnoteTR27a1849908" class="footnote " group=""><a name="footnote27a1849908" class="footnoteLink" href="#footnoteRef27a1849908">27.</a><div class="footnoteBody ">
<p>Guide des Perplexes, Livre I, chap. 57.</p>
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Patrick </span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Wednesday, January 14, 2026 11:53:00 AM">January 14, 2026</span>
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En toute simplicit&#233; MERCI pour ces enseignements qui nous aident &#224; mieux comprendre la V&#233;rit&#233;. 
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Drai Andre</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">ירושלים</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Tuesday, June 21, 2016 11:23:00 PM">June 21, 2016</span>
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D.ieu, la non-chose
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Tout d'abord je me permet de vous citer, pour aller vite...:"Pas « les choses qui existent », mais l’existence elle-même. Le flux. Le flux infini de lumière et d’énergie. voilà D.ieu. Devenez un avec Lui."<br />Et voici ma réaction: Je ne suis ni un croyant, ni un laïque, ni un athée, et encore moins un "Talmid Khaham", mais seulement un être égaré et qui, pourtant, a toujours soif de signification (c'est-à-dire: d’écoute de l'Autre? Comme si l'inexistence personnelle de ce dernier désignifiait par avance toute existence humaine ou autre?). D'où ma première question: Peut-on chercher l'Autre, et surtout le trouver, si l'on est d’emblée déjà limite et insignifiant, et si l'on est encore "trop chose" alors que l'Autre serait, lui, une non-chose? N'est-ce pas parce-que l'on est, tous, "trop chose" qu'il en devient quasiment impossible d'entrer en contact avec ce flux de la venue à l’être que serait, avec nous, ce D.ieu-devenir? Le temps humain, seulement humain?, serait-il ce moyen ultime 
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Ana Met</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, June 4, 2016 9:01:00 PM">June 4, 2016</span>
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Vraiment à l'âge de 57 ans je commence à connaitre beaucoup de choses à travers ce site, très bon article.
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">J. Hennebert</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, July 20, 2013 5:16:00 PM">July 20, 2013</span>
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J'aime tellement !
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&quot;Pensez simple : vous vous r&#233;veillez le matin et, avant m&#234;me le caf&#233;, &#231;a est.&quot;<br /><br />Surtout avant le caf&#233; ! Justement, c&#39;est pr&#233;cis&#233;ment le moment o&#249;, dans la cuisine de la maison endormie, je r&#233;cite le Sh&#39;ma, visage tourn&#233; vers l&#39;Est !<br />Et ma journ&#233;e commence, d&#233;j&#224; apais&#233;e...<br />Merci pour cette observation judicieuse !
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Louise Badeau</span>
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<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, May 26, 2012 7:25:00 PM">May 26, 2012</span>
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Qu'est-ce-que D.?
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Vous &#234;tes extraordinaire par vos propos. Merci de nous sortir de nore train train!<br /> Qu'il est rassurant de vous lire, vous &#234;tes un phare et continuer de nous &#233;clairer.
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Ilan </span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Tour du Parc, France</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, May 12, 2012 8:34:00 PM">May 12, 2012</span>
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Flux de D.ieu
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Simplement extraordinaire cette explication du &quot;ph&#233;nom&#232;ne de D.&quot; ! seule la langue h&#233;bra&#239;que nous permet de d'approcher de cette &quot;r&#233;alit&#233;&quot; qui nous semble souvent fuyante, insaisissable . Je crains que beaucoup d'entre nous restent en quelque sorte prisonnier des images de Pharaon. Des images qui ressemblent tellement &#224; leurs idoles. Merci encore au brillantissime Tzvi Freeman qui a un don pour exposer quelques perles de la vraie Connaissance! Et aussi merci &#224; la personne qui a traduit ce magnifique texte.. c'est un autre travail -que je connais- Ilan PS: je vais le diffuser &#224; toutes mes relations
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<span class="reader-name small_right_padding">Anonymous</span>
<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Libourne, France</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Saturday, May 12, 2012 7:37:00 AM">May 12, 2012</span>
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Qu'est-ce-que D.?
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Les mots mis bout &#224; bout dans cet article irradient de paix, et ne peuvent avoir &#233;t&#233; trouv&#233;s que par un &#234;tre humain engendr&#233; dans l'amour &quot;sans r&#233;ticence&quot;. Quand, dans son enfance, on a baign&#233; dans un environnement d'amour et de bienveillance, cela devient un devoir de t&#233;moigner de la permanence et de la continuit&#233; des mots qui peuvent &#233;clairer l'existence des autres, de ceux qui sont priv&#233;s de ces mots tout au long de leur vie, parce qu'ils sont r&#233;confortants, tr&#232;s r&#233;confortants, ces mots l&#224;.
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<span class="reader-location small_right_padding">Netanya, Israel</span>
<span class="comment-date" title="Thursday, May 10, 2012 1:04:00 AM">May 10, 2012</span>
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&#201;blouissant! C'est bien de se remettre sur les rails r&#233;guli&#232;rement gr&#226;ce &#224; vous. C'est si simple de d&#233;railler. Merci
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